Intshayelelo
Unyamezelo lwamazwe ngamazwe lubhekiselele kwiiyantlukwano ezamkelekileyo kwimilinganiselo, iimilo, okanye ezinye iimpawu zeemveliso okanye iinkonzo ezivunyelwe yimigangatho yamazwe ngamazwe okanye izivumelwano. Oku kunyamezelana kuqinisekisa ukuba iimveliso okanye iinkonzo ezivela kumazwe ahlukeneyo zinokutshintsheka ngokulula, ziququzelele urhwebo lwamazwe ngamazwe kunye nentsebenziswano. Kule nqaku, siza kuhlolisisa ingcamango yokunyamezela ngamazwe ngamazwe, ukubaluleka kwabo, iintlobo kunye nendlela ezisekelwe ngayo kwaye ziphunyezwe.
Icandelo 1: Ukuqonda uNyamezelo lwamazwe ngamazwe:
1.1 Inkcazo yoNyamezelo:
Unyamezelwano lwamazwe ngamazwe lubhekiselele ekukwazini kwabantu ngabanye, imibutho, nezizwe ukwamkela nokuhlonela abantu beenkcubeko ezahlukeneyo, iinkolo, iintlanga neemvelaphi ezahlukeneyo. Kukuqonda ukuba iyantlukwano yinkalo ebalulekileyo kubukho bomntu kwaye kufuneka ibhiyozelwe kwaye yamkelwe endaweni yokuba yoyike okanye yaliwe. Unyamezelwano lwamazwe ngamazwe lubalulekile ekukhuthazeni uxolo, ukuqondana, nentsebenziswano phakathi kwezizwe nezizwe ngezizwe zehlabathi.
Eyona nto iphambili, ukunyamezelana kwezizwe ngezizwe kubandakanya ukuqaphela nokuxabisa iyantlukwano ekhoyo phakathi kwabantu. Oku kuthetha ukwamkela ukuba abantu baneenkolelo, imilinganiselo, izithethe, nezithethe ezahlukeneyo, nokuba lo mahluko awukho ngokwemvelo okanye umbi, ulungile okanye awulunganga. Endaweni yoko, ziyinxalenye nje yoko kusenza sahluke njengabantu ngabanye nanjengamalungu oluntu olukhulu.
1.2 Ukubaluleka koNyamezelo lwamazwe ngamazwe:
Okokuqala, ukunyamezelana kwezizwe ngezizwe kukhuthaza uxolo nozinzo. Xa abantu abavela kumazwe nezithethe ezahlukahlukeneyo bedibana, kuye kubekho ukoyika ukungquzulana ngenxa yokwahluka kolwimi, izithethe neenkolelo. Noko ke, xa abantu befunda ukukunyamezela oku kwahluka, badla ngokuba nengxoxo enoxolo baze bafumane izinto abavumelana ngazo. Oku kunokukhokelela ekusonjululweni kweengxabano kunye nokukhuthazwa koxolo lwexesha elide kunye nozinzo.
Okwesibini, unyamezelo lwamazwe ngamazwe lukhuthaza ukutshintshiselana ngenkcubeko nokuqondana. Ngokwamkela iyantlukwano, abantu ngabanye banokufunda ngezinye iinkcubeko neendlela zokuphila, ezinokuthi zibe banzi iimbono zabo nokwandisa ulwazi lwabo. Oku kunokukhokelela kuxabiso olunzulu ngeenkcubeko ezahlukeneyo kunye nokuqonda okunzulu kwehlabathi elisingqongileyo. Ukutshintshiselana ngenkcubeko nako kunokukhokelela ekuphuhlisweni kwemibono emitsha kunye nezinto ezintsha ezinceda uluntu luphela.
Okwesithathu, ukunyamezelana kwezizwe ngezizwe kukhuthaza ukukhula koqoqosho nophuhliso. Xa abantu abavela kumazwe ahlukeneyo besebenza kunye, beza nezakhono ezizodwa, ulwazi, namava anokuba negalelo kwimpumelelo yamashishini nemibutho. Oku kunokukhokelela ekwandeni korhwebo, utyalo-mali, nokukhula koqoqosho, nto leyo enokuba yinzuzo kubo bonke ababandakanyekileyo. Ukongezelela, ukunyamezelana kwamazwe ngamazwe kunokunceda ekunciphiseni ucalucalulo nokungalingani, nto leyo enokukhuthaza ngakumbi uphuhliso lwezoqoqosho.
Okwesine, ukunyamezelana kwezizwe ngezizwe kubalulekile ekujonganeni nemingeni yehlabathi efana nokutshintsha kwemozulu, ubuhlwempu kunye nezifo. Le mingeni ichaphazela abantu abavela kwihlabathi lonke kwaye ifuna isenzo esihlangeneyo ukuyilungisa ngokufanelekileyo. Ukunyamezela kwamazwe ngamazwe kuyimfuneko ekuhlanganiseni abantu ukuba basebenze kwiinjongo ezifanayo kunye nokufumana izisombululo kwezi ngxaki ezinzima. Ngaphandle kokunyamezelana, kuya kuba nzima ukufikelela kwinkqubela phambili enentsingiselo kule miba.
Okwesihlanu, ukunyamezela kwamazwe ngamazwe kubalulekile ekukhuthazeni amalungelo oluntu kunye nobulungisa boluntu. Xa abantu bebanyamezela abanye, badla ngokuchasa ucalucalulo, ikhethe nokungekho sikweni. Oku kunokukhokelela ekukhuselweni okukhulu kwamalungelo oluntu kunye nokukhuthazwa kobulungisa boluntu kubo bonke abantu, kungakhathaliseki ukuba imvelaphi okanye iimeko zabo.
Okwesithandathu, ukunyamezelana kwamazwe ngamazwe kubalulekile ekugcineni ukhuseleko lwehlabathi. Kwihlabathi lanamhlanje elinxibeleleneyo, izisongelo kunqabiseko zinokuvela naphi na ehlabathini. Unyamezelo lwamazwe ngamazwe luyimfuneko ekwakheni ukuthembana phakathi kwezizwe kunye nokukhuthaza intsebenziswano kwimimandla efana nokhuselo, ubukrelekrele kunye nokunyanzeliswa komthetho. Oku kunokunceda ukuthintela iingxabano kunye nokugcina ukhuseleko lwehlabathi.
Okwesixhenxe, ukunyamezelana kwamanye amazwe kubalulekile ekukhuthazeni uphuhliso oluzinzileyo. Uphuhliso oluzinzileyo lufuna ukulungelelanisa ukukhula koqoqosho kunye nokukhuselwa kwendalo kunye noxanduva lwentlalo. Unyamezelo lwamazwe ngamazwe luyimfuneko ekuhlanganiseni abantu ndawonye ukuze bafumane izisombululo ezinobulungisa nezizinzileyo kubo bonke. Oku kunokunceda ekuqinisekiseni ukuba izizukulwana ezizayo ziyafikelela kwimithombo yobutyebi ezizifunayo ukuze ziphumelele.
Okwesibhozo, unyamezelo lwamazwe ngamazwe lubalulekile ekukhuthazeni iinqobo ezisemgangathweni zedemokhrasi nolawulo olululo. Uluntu lwentando yesininzi luxhomekeke kwingxoxo evulekileyo, ukuthatha inxaxheba, kunye nentlonipho yeyantlukwano. Unyamezelo lwamazwe ngamazwe luyimfuneko ekukhuthazeni ezi nqobo zokuziphatha nokuqinisekisa ukuba oorhulumente baphendula kubemi babo. Oku kunokukhokelela kuzinzo olukhulu lwezopolitiko kunye nokuphucula umgangatho wobomi babo bonke abantu.
Okwesithoba, ukunyamezelana kwamazwe ngamazwe kubalulekile ekukhuthazeni ukuyila kunye nokusungula izinto ezintsha. Xa abantu abavela kwiimvelaphi ezahlukeneyo bedibana, beza neembono ezizodwa kunye neengcinga ezinokukhokelela kwizinto ezintsha ezifunyenweyo kunye nezinto ezintsha. Ukunyamezelana kwamazwe ngamazwe kuyimfuneko ekudaleni indawo ekhuthaza ukuyila kunye nokuveliswa kwezinto ezintsha, ezinokuthi zincede uluntu ngokubanzi.
Okokugqibela, ukunyamezelana kwamazwe ngamazwe kubalulekile ekukhuthazeni ukukhula komntu kunye nokuzazi. Xa abantu befunda ukubanyamezela abanye, badla ngokuba novelwano
1.4 Imiba yoNyamezelo lwaMazwe ngaMazwe:
Kukho izinto ezininzi ekufuneka ziqwalaselwe xa kumiselwa unyamezelo lwamazwe ngamazwe lwenxalenye okanye indibano. Ezi ziquka:
Ukusebenza: Ingqwalasela ephambili xa kusekwa ukunyamezela kukusebenza komsebenzi wenxalenye okanye indibano. Ukunyamezela kufuneka kumiselwe ukwenzela ukuba inxalenye ikwazi ukwenza umsebenzi wayo ojoliswe kuyo ngaphakathi kwemida efunekayo, nokuba yenziwe ngokuhlukahluka kobukhulu okanye ukumila.
Iinkqubo zokuvelisa: Iinkqubo zokuvelisa ezisetyenziselwa ukuvelisa inxalenye okanye ukudibanisa kufuneka kuthathelwe ingqalelo xa kumiselwa ukunyamezelana. Iinkqubo ezahlukeneyo zokuvelisa zinokubangela amanqanaba ahlukeneyo okuguquguquka kobukhulu kunye nokumila, ngoko ukunyamezela kufuneka kusekwe ngokufanelekileyo.
Iindleko: Ukunyamezela kunokuba nempembelelo ebalulekileyo kwiindleko zokuvelisa inxalenye okanye indibano. Ukunyamezelana okungqongqo kunokufuna iinkqubo zokuvelisa ezichanekileyo kunye nemilinganiselo engqongqo yokulawula umgangatho, enokunyusa iindleko zemveliso. Ngoko ke, kubalulekile ukulinganisa imfuno yokunyamezela okuqinileyo kunye neendleko zokufezekisa.
Ukutshintshana: Ukunyamezelana kwamazwe ngamazwe kuyilelwe ukuqinisekisa ukuba iinxalenye ezivela kubavelisi abahlukeneyo zinokusetyenziswa ngokutshintshanayo. Oku kuthetha ukuba ukunyamezelana kufuneka kusekwe ukuze amalungu avela kwimithombo eyahlukeneyo ahlangane ngokufanelekileyo kwaye asebenze njengoko kucetywayo, nokuba kukho ukuhluka kobukhulu okanye ukumila.
Ukubekwa emgangathweni: Ukunyamezelana ngokuqhelekileyo kusekwe yimibutho yemigangatho yamazwe ngamazwe efana ne-ISO kunye ne-IEC, ephuhlisa imigangatho yemvumelwano esekelwe kwiimfuno zeshishini kunye nobuchule bobugcisa. Le migangatho ibonelela ngolwimi olufanayo lokuchaza ukunyamezelana kunye nokuqinisekisa ukungaguquguquki kubo bonke abavelisi kunye namashishini.
1.5 Iindidi zoNyamezelo lwamazwe ngamazwe:
Ukunyamezela kwejometri: Ukunyamezela kwejometri kuchaza ukuhluka okuvumelekileyo kubukhulu kunye nokuma kwenxalenye okanye indibano. Ngokuqhelekileyo zibonakaliswa kusetyenziswa iisimboli ezifana + okanye - ukubonisa ukuba umahluko uvumelekile ukuba ube mkhulu okanye ube mncinci kunexabiso legama, kunye namaxabiso amanani ukucacisa inani loguqulo oluvumelekileyo. Imizekelo yokunyamezela kwejometri ibandakanya ukucaca, ukujikeleza, kunye ne-perpendicularity.
Ukunyamezelwa kokufaneleka: Ukunyamezela ukulingana kuchaza iinguqulelo ezivumelekileyo ngendlela amalungu amabini okanye ngaphezulu adibana ngayo. Olu hlobo lonyamezelo luhlala lusetyenziselwa ukuqinisekisa ukuba iindawo zokukhwelana zigudile kwaye azinaziphene ezinokuchaphazela amandla abo okuzibandakanya ngokufanelekileyo. Ukunyamezela ukulingana ngokuqhelekileyo kubonakaliswa kusetyenziswa iisimboli ezifana + okanye - ukubonisa ukuba umahluko uvumelekile ukuba ube mkhulu okanye ube mncinci kunexabiso eliqhelekileyo, kunye namaxabiso amanani ukucacisa inani lotshintsho oluvumelekileyo.
Ukukhutshwa: Ukukhutshwa kuxela iinguqu ezivumelekileyo kumkekelo ojikelezayo weshaft okanye enye inxalenye ejikelezayo. Olu hlobo lokunyamezela luhlala lusetyenziselwa ukuqinisekisa ukuba amacandelo ajikelezayo asebenza kakuhle kwaye ngokuqhubekayo ngaphandle kokubangela ukuguga okugqithisileyo okanye umonakalo. Ukuphela kwesiqhelo kubonakaliswa kusetyenziswa iisimboli ezinje + okanye - ukubonisa ukuba umahluko uvumelekile ukuba ube mkhulu okanye ube mncinci kunexabiso lesiqhelo, kunye namaxabiso amanani ukucacisa inani lotshintsho oluvumelekileyo.
Isigaba 2: Ukusekwa kunye nokuPhunyezwa koNyamezelo lwamazwe ngamazwe:
2.1 Imibutho yeMigangatho yeHlabathi:
Imibutho emininzi yamazwe ngamazwe inoxanduva lokuseka nokugcina imigangatho enxulumene nokunyamezelana kumazwe ngamazwe. Eminye imibutho edumileyo ibandakanya:
a. I-International Organisation for Standardization (ISO): ISO yi-arhente ekhethekileyo yeZizwe eziManyeneyo ejongene nemigangatho yoluntu lwamazwe ngamazwe.
b. IKhomishini yezoMbane yeHlabathi (i-IEC): I-IEC ngumbutho wehlabathi jikelele olungiselela kwaye upapashe imigangatho yamazwe ngamazwe yabo bonke ubugcisa bombane, i-elektroniki, kunye nobuxhakaxhaka obunxulumeneyo.
c. I-International Telecommunication Union (ITU): I-ITU yi-arhente ekhethekileyo yeZizwe eziManyeneyo enoxanduva lonxibelelwano loluntu lwamazwe ngamazwe.
2.2 Indima yamaZiko emiGangatho yesiZwe:
Amaqumrhu omgangatho wesizwe adlala indima ebalulekileyo ekuphuhliseni nasekuphunyezweni konyamezelo lwamazwe ngamazwe. Bathatha inxaxheba kumsebenzi wemibutho yemigangatho yamazwe ngamazwe, igalelo ekuphuhliseni imigangatho, kwaye baqinisekise ukwamkelwa kwabo kunye nokuphunyezwa kwinqanaba likazwelonke.
2.3 Inkqubo yokuSekwa koNyamezelo lwaMazwe ngaMazwe:
Inkqubo yokumisela ukunyamezelana kumazwe ngamazwe ibandakanya la manyathelo alandelayo:
a. Isindululo: Isindululo somgangatho omtsha wokunyamezela singeniswa kumbutho ofanelekileyo wemigangatho yamazwe ngamazwe.
b. Uphononongo: Isindululo sijongwa kwakhona ziingcali zobugcisa ezivela kumazwe angamalungu ukuqinisekisa ukuba nokwenzeka kobugcisa kunye nokufaneleka.
c. Ukwamkelwa: Ukuba isindululo samkelwe, iqela elisebenzayo liyasekwa ukuphuhlisa umgangatho.
d. Ukuyila: Iqela elisebenzayo liyila umgangatho, lithathela ingqalelo ubugcisa, uqoqosho, kunye nemiba yokusingqongileyo.
e. Ixesha lokubeka izimvo: Umgangatho oyilwayo ujikeleziswa ukuze kunikwe izimvo kumazwe angamalungu, amaqumrhu omgangatho wesizwe, kunye nabanye abachaphazelekayo.
f. Uhlaziyo: Izimvo ziyaqwalaselwa, kwaye umgangatho oyilwayo uhlaziywa ngokufanelekileyo.
g. Ukwamkelwa: Umgangatho wokugqibela wamkelwa ngumbutho wemigangatho yamazwe ngamazwe kwaye upapashwe.
h. Ukuphunyezwa: Amaqumrhu emigangatho esizwe akhuthaza ukwamkelwa nokusetyenziswa komgangatho wonyamezelo wamazwe ngamazwe kumazwe awo.
2.4 Ukuqinisekisa ukuThotyelwa koNyamezelo lwaMazwe ngaMazwe:
Ukuqinisekisa ukuthotyelwa konyamezelo lwamazwe ngamazwe, abavelisi kunye nababoneleli ngeenkonzo kufuneka:
a. Yiqonde imigangatho yezizwe ngezizwe efanelekileyo kunye nokunyamezelana okusebenzayo kwiimveliso okanye iinkonzo zabo.
b. Ukusebenzisa iinkqubo zokulawula umgangatho kunye neenkqubo zokuhlola ukulawula nokugcina ukunyamezela okufunekayo ngexesha lemveliso kunye nokunikezelwa kwenkonzo.
c. Rhoqo
c. Ukuqhuba iinkqubo zoqeqesho kunye nemfundo rhoqo kubasebenzi babo ukwandisa ukuqonda kwabo ukunyamezelana ngamazwe kunye nokubaluleka kwazo.
d. Ukusebenzisana namaqumrhu omgangatho wesizwe kunye nabanye oogunyaziwe abalawulayo ukuze bafumane isikhokelo kunye nenkxaso yokuthotyelwa konyamezelo lwamazwe ngamazwe.
e. Ukubeka iliso rhoqo kunye nokuphucula iinkqubo zabo zemveliso kunye nenkonzo ukunciphisa ukuhluka kunye nokuqinisekisa ukuthotyelwa kokuthotyelwa kokunyamezela ngamazwe ngamazwe.
f. Zibandakanye kwintsebenziswano yamazwe ngamazwe kunye nokutshintshiselana ngolwazi nabanye abavelisi kunye nababoneleli ngeenkonzo ukukhuthaza ukuqondana kunye nokuthobela ukunyamezelana ngamazwe ngamazwe.
g. Ukuphonononga rhoqo kwaye uhlaziye iinkcukacha zabo zemveliso kunye nezivumelwano zenkonzo ukuze zihambelane nemigangatho yamva nje yonyamezelo kunye neemfuno.
Ukuqukumbela
Kubalulekile ukwazi ukunyamezelana kwamazwe ngamazwe. Inceda ukwakha iibhulorho phakathi koluntu kwaye ikhuthaze imvakalelo yobumi behlabathi kunye nokwabelana ngoxanduva lwentlalontle yoluntu lonke. Ngokuphumeza le milinganiselo, abavelisi kunye nababoneleli ngeenkonzo banokuqinisekisa ukuba iimveliso kunye neenkonzo zabo ziyahlangabezana nokunyamezela okufunekayo kumazwe ngamazwe, ukuququzelela ukuhlanganiswa okungenamthungo kwimarike yehlabathi kunye nokwandisa ukwaneliseka kwabathengi.
Ixesha lokuposa: Dec-18-2023
